The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Two

Elena was surrounded the instant she stepped into the high school parking lot. Everyone was there, the whole crowd she hadnt chancen since late June, plus four or 5 hangers-on who hoped to gain popularity by association. One by one she accepted the welcoming hugs of her own group.Caroline had grown at least an inch and was slinkier and much deal aVogue model than ever so. She greeted Elena coolly and stepped back again with her green eyes narrowed handle a cats. fairish hadnt grown at altogether, and her curly red crack barely came up to Elenas chin as she flung her arms around Elena. Wait a minute-curls? thought Elena. She pushed the smaller misfire back.Bonnie What did you do to your sensory hair?Do you like it? I think it makes me look taller. Bonnie fluffed up the al piss fluffy bangs and smiled, her brown eyes sparkling with excitement, her little heart-shaped face alight.Elena move on. Meredith. You havent changed at all. This hug was equally warm on both sides. She had missed Meredith more than anyone, Elena thought, face at the tall daughter. Meredith neer wore any makeup however then(prenominal), with perfect olive skin and heavy black lashes, she didnt need any. Right now she had one elegant eyebrow raised as she studied Elena.Well, your hair is two shades lighter from the sun plainly wheres your tan? I thought you were living it up on the French Riviera.You realize I never tan. Elena held up her hands for her own inspection. The skin was flawless, like porcelain, scarce almost as fair and translucent as Bonnies.Just a minute that re sees me, Bonnie interjected, snatching one of Elenas hands. Guess what I learned from my cousin this summer? Before anyone could speak, she informed them triumphantly Palm readingThere were groans, and some laughter.Laugh patch you can, tell Bonnie, not at all disturbed. My cousin told me Im psychic. Now, let me see She peered into Elenas palm.Hurry up or were breathing push through to be late, ve rbalize Elena a eccentric impatiently.All right, all right. Now, this is your animation line-or is it your heart line? In the crowd, mortal snickered. Quiet Im reaching into the void. I see I see All at once, Bonnies face went blank, as if she were startled. Her brown eyes widened, but she no longer seemed to be staring at Elenas hand. It was as if she were lookingthrough it-at something frightening.You will meet a tall, semi mordant stranger, Meredith murmured from butt joint her. There was a flurry of giggles.Dark, yes, and a stranger but not tall. Bonnies vocalisation was hushed and faraway.Although, she continued after a moment, looking puzzled, he was tall, once. Her wide brown eyes lifted to Elenas in bewilderment. But thats impossible isnt it? She dropped Elenas hand, almost flinging it away. I dont insufficiency to see any more.Okay, shows everyplace. Lets go, Elena told the others, vaguely irritated. Shed always mat psychic tricks were just that-tricks. So why was she annoyed? Just because that morning shed almost freaked out herselfThe girls started toward the school building, but the roar of a finely tuned beat back stopped them all in their tracks.Well, now, Caroline said, staring. Quite a car.Quite a Porsche, Meredith corrected dryly.The sleek black 911 Turbo purred through the parking lot, searching for a space, moving as lazily as a panther stalking prey.When the car came to a stop, the door opened, and they glimpsed the driver. Oh, my God, Caroline whispered.You can say that again, breathed Bonnie.From where she stood, Elena could see he had a lean, flat-muscled body. Faded jeans he probably had to peel off at night, tight T-shirt, and a leather poll of unusual cut. His hair was wavy-and dark.He wasnt tall, though. Just average height.Elena let out her breath.Whois that masked man? said Meredith. And the remark was apt-dark sun furnish completely covered the male childs eyes, shielding his face like a mask.That maskedstranger , som eone else said, and a babble of voices rose up.Do you see that jacket? Thats Italian, as in Roma.How would you know? Youve never been farther than Rome, New York, in your lifeUh-oh. Elenas got that look again. The hunting look.Short-Dark-and-Handsome had break in be careful.He isnt short hes perfectThrough the gossip, Carolines voice suddenly rang out. Oh, come on, Elena. Youve already got Matt. What more do you want? What can you do with two that you cant do with one?The same thing-solely longer, drawled Meredith, and the group dissolved into laughter.The boy had locked his car and was walking toward school. Casually, Elena started after him, the other girls right behind her in a close-knit pack. For an instant, annoyance bubbled up inside her. Couldnt she goanywhere without a parade on her heels? But Meredith caught her eye, and she smiled in spite of herself.Noblesse oblige, Meredith said frailly.What?If youre going to be queen of the school, you have to put up with the conseq uences.Elena frowned at this as they entered the building. A long corridor stretched before them, and a figure in jeans and leather jacket was disappearing through the office doorway up ahead. Elena slowed her pace as she walked up to the office, finally stopping to glance thoughtfully at the messages on the bobber bulletin board by the door. There was a large window here, through which the entire office was visible.The other girls were openly gazing through the window, and giggling. Nice rachis view. That isdefinitely an Armani jacket. You think hes from out of state?Elena was straining her ears for the boys name. There seemed to be some kind of trouble in there Mrs. Clarke, the admissions secretary, was looking at a refer and shaking her head. The boy said something, and Mrs. Clarke lifted her hands in a What can I say? gesture. She ran a finger down the list and shake her head again, conclusively. The boy started to turn away, then rancid back. And when Mrs. Clarke looked up a t him, her expression changed.The boys sun furnish were now in his hand. Mrs. Clarke seemed startled by something Elena could see her blink of an eye some(prenominal) times. Her lips opened and closed as if she were trying to speak.Elena wished she could see more than the back of the boys head. Mrs. Clarke was fumbling through piles of paper now, looking dazed. At furthermost she found a form of some kind and wrote on it, then turned it around and pushed it toward the boy.The boy wrote briefly on the form-signing it, probably-and returned it. Mrs. Clarke stared at it a second, then fumbled through a new pile of papers, finally handing what looked like a class schedule to him. Her eyes never left wing the boy as he took it, inclined his head in thanks, and turned to the door.Elena was wild with curiosity by now. What had just happened in there? And what did this strangers face look like? But as he emerged from the office, he was settling his sunglasses in place again. Disappoint ment coursed through her.Still, she could see the rest of his face as he paused in the doorway. The dark curly hair framed features so fine that they might have been taken from an old Roman coin or medallion. High cheekbones, classical neat nose and a mouth to keep you awake at night, Elena thought. The upper lip was beautifully sculpted, a little sensitive, a whole lot sensual. The chatter of the girls in the hallway had stopped as if someone had thrown a switch.Most of them were turning away from the boy now, looking anywhere but at him. Elena held her place by the window and gave a little toss to her head, pulling the ribbon out of her hair so that it fell loose around her shoulders.Without looking to either side, the boy moved on down the hallway. A chorus of sighs and whispers flared up the moment he was out of earshot.Elena didnt hear any of it.Hed walked right by her, she thought, dazed. Right by without a glance.Dimly, she established the bell was ringing. Meredith was tug ging her arm.What?I said heres your schedule. Weve got trig on the second floor right now. Come onElena allowed Meredith to motivate her down the corridor, up a flight of stairs, and into a classway. She slid into an empty seat automatically and fixed her eyes on the instructor at the front without really seeing her. The shock still hadnt worn off.Hed walked right by. Without a glance. She couldnt remember how long it had been since a boy had done that. They all looked, at least. close to whistled. Some stopped to talk. Some just stared.And that had always been fine with Elena. After all, what was more important than boys? They were the mark of how popular you were, of how beautiful you were. And they could be useful for all sorts of things. sometimes they were exciting, but usually that didnt last long. Sometimes they were creeps from the beginning.Most boys, Elena reflected, were like puppies. Adorable in their place, but expendable. A very few could be more than that, could be come real friends. Like Matt.Oh, Matt. Last year shed hoped that he was the one she was looking for, the boy who could make her feel well, something more. More than the rush of triumph at making a conquest, the pride in showing your new acquisition off to the other girls. And shehad come to feel a strong affection for Matt. But over the summer, when shed had time to think, shed realized it was the affection of a cousin or sister.Ms. Halpern was passing out trigonometry nurses. Elena took hers mechanically and wrote her name inside, still wrapped in thought.She liked Matt more than any other boy shed known. And that was why she was going to have to tell him it was over.She hadnt known how to tell him in a letter. She didnt know how to tell him now. It wasnt that she was afraid hed kick up a fuss he just wouldnt understand. She didnt really understand herself.It was as if she were always reaching for something. Only, when she thought shed got it, it wasnt there. non with Matt, not w ith any of the boys shed had.And then she had to start all over again. Fortunately, there was always fresh material. No boy had ever resisted her successfully, and no boy had ever ignored her. Until now.Until now. Remembering that moment in the hall, Elena found that her fingers were clenched on the pen she held. She still couldnt believe hed brushed by her that way.The bell rang and everyone flooded out of the classroom, but Elena paused in the doorway. She bit her lip, scanning the river of students flowing through the hall. Then she spotted one of the hangers-on from the parking lot.Frances Come here.Frances came eagerly, her plain face brightening.Listen, Frances, you remember that boy this morning?With the Porsche and the-er-assets? How could I forget?Well, I want his class schedule. Get it from the office if you can, or copy it from him if you have to. But do itFrances looked surprised for a moment, then grinned and nodded. Okay, Elena. Ill try. Ill meet you at lunch if I can get it.Thanks. Elena watched the girl go. You know, you really are crazy, Merediths voice said in her ear.Whats the use of being queen of the school if you cant pull a little rank sometimes? returned Elena calmly. Where do I go now?General Business. Here, take it yourself. Meredith thrust a schedule at her. Ive got to run for chemistry. LaterGeneral Business and the rest of the morning passed in a blur. Elena had hoped to catch another glimpse of the new student, but he was in none of her classes. Mattwas in one, and she felt a pang as his blue eyes met hers with a smile.At the lunch bell, she nodded greetings right and left as she walked to the cafeteria. Caroline was outside, posed casually against a wall with chin up, shoulders back, hips forward. The two boys she was talking to fell silent and nudged each other as Elena approached.Hi, Elena said briefly to the boys and to Caroline Ready to go in and eat?Carolines green eyes barely flickered toward Elena, and she pushed glossy a uburn hair out of her face. What, at theroyal defer ? she said.Elena was taken aback. She and Caroline had been friends since kindergarten, and they had always competed with each other good-naturedly. But lately something had happened to Caroline. Shed begun to take the rivalry more and more seriously. And now Elena was surprised at the resentment in the other girls voice.Well, its hardly as if you were a commoner, she said lightly.Oh, youre so right round that, said Caroline, turning to face Elena fully. Those green cat-eyes were slitted and smoky, and Elena was shocked by the hostility she saw there. The two boys smiled uneasily and edged away.Caroline didnt seem to notice. A lot of things changed while you were gone this summer, Elena, she continued. And just maybe your time on the throne is running out.Elena had flushed she could feel it. She struggled to keep her voice steady. Maybe, she said. But I wouldnt buy a scepter just yet if I were you, Caroline. She turned and went into the lunchroom.It was a relief to see Meredith and Bonnie, and Frances beside them. Elena felt her cheeks cool as she selected her lunch and went to join them. She wouldnt let Caroline upset her she wouldnt think of Caroline at all.I got it, said Frances, waving a piece of paper as Elena sat down.And I have some good stuff, said Bonnie importantly. Elena, listen to this. Hes in my biology class, and I sit right across from him. And his name is Stefan, Stefan Salvatore, and hes from Italy, and hes boarding with old Mrs. Flowers on the edge of town. She sighed. He isso romantic. Caroline dropped her books, and he picked them up for her.Elena make a wry face. How clumsy of Caroline. What else happened? Well, thats all. He didnt really talk to her. Hes ver-r-ry mysterious, you see. Mrs. Endicott, my biology teacher, tried to get him to take off his glasses, but he wouldnt. He has a medical condition.What kind of medical condition?I dont know. Maybe its terminal and his days are numb ered. Wouldnt that be romantic?Oh, very, said Meredith.Elena was looking over Francess winding-sheet of paper, biting her lip. Hes in my s even soth period, History of Europe. Anybody else have that class?I do, said Bonnie. And I think Caroline does, too. Oh, and maybe Matt he said something yesterday about how it was just his luck, getting Mr. Tanner.Marvelous, Elena thought, picking up a fork and stabbing at her mashed potatoes. It looked as if seventh period was going to beextremely interesting.Stefan was radiant the school day was almost over. He wanted to get out of these crowded rooms and corridors, just for a few minutes.So many minds. The crush of so many thought patterns, so many mental voices surrounding him, was making him dizzy. It had been years since he had been in a swarm of people like this.One mind in particular stood out from the others. She had been among those watching him in the main corridor of the school building. He didnt know what she looked like, but her personality was powerful. He felt sure hed recognize it again.So far, at least, hed survived the first day of the masquerade. Hed used the Powers only twice, and then sparingly. But he was tired, and, he admitted ruefully, hungry. The rabbit hadnt been enough.Worry about that later. He found his last classroom and sat down. And immediately he felt the presence of that mind again.It glowed at the edge of his consciousness, a golden light, soft and yet vibrant. And, for the first time, he could locate the girl it was coming from. She was seated right in front of him.Even as he thought it, she turned around and he saw her face. It was all he could do not to gasp in shock.Katherine But of course it couldnt be. Katherine was dead no one knew that better than he did.Still, the resemblance was uncanny. That pale golden hair, so fair it almost seemed to shimmer. That creamy skin, which had always made him think of swans, or alabaster, flushing faintly pink over the cheekbones. And the eyes Katherines eyes had been a color he had never seen before darker than sky blue, as rich as the lapis lazuli in her jeweled headband. This girl had those same eyes.And they were fixed directly on his as she smiled. He looked down from the smile quickly. Of all things, he did not want to think about Katherine. He didnt want to look at this girl who reminded him of her, and he didnt want to feel her presence any longer. He kept his eyes on the desk, blocking his mind as strongly as he knew how. And at last, slowly, she turned around again.She was hurt. Even through the blocks, he could feel that. He didnt care. In fact, he was iris of it, and he hoped it would keep her away from him. Other than that, he had no feelings about her at all.He kept telling himself this as he sat, the droning voice of the teacher pouring over him unheard. But he could smell a subtle hint of some perfume-violets, he thought. And her slender white neck was arcuate over her book, the fair hair falling on eit her side of it.In anger and frustration he recognized the seductive feeling in his teeth-more a tickling or a tingling than an ache. It was hunger, a specific hunger. And not one he was about to indulge.The teacher was pacing about the room like a ferret, asking questions, and Stefan designedly fixed his attention on the man. At first he was puzzled, for although none of the students knew the answers, the questions kept coming. Then he realized that that was the mans purpose. To shame the students with what they didnt know.Just now hed found another victim, a small girl with clusters of red curls and a heart-shaped face. Stefan watched in distaste as the teacher badgered her with questions. She looked wretched as he turned away from her to address the entire class.You see what I mean? You think youre pretty hot stuff youre seniors now, ready to graduate. Well, let me tell you, some of you arent ready to graduate kindergarten. Like this He gestured toward the red-haired girl. No ide a about the French Revolution. Thinks Marie Antoinette was a silent film star.Students all around Stefan were shifting uncomfortably. He could feel the resentment in their minds, and the humiliation. And the fear. They were all afraid of this thin little man with eyes like a weasel, even the husky boys who were taller than he was.All right, lets try another era. The teacher swung back to the same girl hed been questioning. During the Renaissance- He broke off. Youdo know what the Renaissance is, dont you? The period amid the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, in which Europe rediscovered the great ideas of ancient Greece and Rome? The period that produced so many of Europes greatest artists and thinkers? When the girl nodded confusedly, he continued. During the Renaissance, what would students your age be doing at school? Well? Any idea at all? Any guesses?The girl swallowed hard. With a weak smile she said, Playing football?At the ensuing laughter, the teachers face darkened. H ardly he snapped, and the classroom quieted. You think this is a joke? Well, in those days, students your age would already be proficient in several languages. They would also have mastered logic, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and grammar. They would be ready to go on to a university, in which every course was taught in Latin. Football would be utterly the last thing on-Excuse me.The quiet voice stopped the teacher in midharangue. Everyone turned to stare at Stefan. What? What did you say?I said, excuse me, Stefan repeated, removing his glasses and standing up. But youre wrong. Students in the Renaissance were encouraged to participate in games. They were taught that a healthy body goes with a healthy mind. And they certainly played aggroup sports, like cricket, tennis-and even football. He turned to the red-haired girl and smiled, and she smiled back gratefully. To the teacher, he added, But the most important things they learned were good manners and courtesy. Im sure your book will tell you that.Students were grinning. The teachers face was red with blood, and he was sputtering. But Stefan continued to hold his eyes, and after another minute it was the teacher who looked away.The bell rang.Stefan put his glasses on quickly and gathered his books. Hed already drawn more attention to himself than he should, and he didnt want to have to look at the blond girl again. Besides, he needed to get out of here quickly there was a familiar burning sensation in his veins.As he reached the door, someone shouted, Hey Did they really play football back then?He couldnt help throwing a grin over his shoulder. Oh, yes. Sometimes with the severed heads of prisoners of war.Elena watched him as he went. Hed deliberately turned away from her. Hed snubbed her on purpose, and in front of Caroline, whod been watching like a hawk. Tears burned in her eyes, but at that moment only one thought burned in her mind.Shed have him, even if it killed her. If it killed both of them, shed have him.

How modern society changed women’s lives Essay

The position of wo custody is often considered to control improved during the last few decades. There is, however, considerable upset as to the extent of miscellany and the discernments for it. This essay will look at how womens lives contrive changed in terms of physical exercise, gift, education, class, sexuality and the state. I will conclude that the near important changes for women be in education, just now that the basic strain of difference ashes in roughly aspects of the social structure, from paid work to the household divisions of repulse, from sexuality to violence.Ann Oakley (1981) has traced the changing status of women in British society from the eve of the Industrial Revolution to the seventies. She claims that the most important and enduring consequence of industrialization for women has been the emergence of the modern social function of house wife as the controlling mature feminine role Thus a combination of factors which included ideology, the bann ing of child labour, and restrictions of the conflict of women, locked the majority of married women into the mother housewife role. This led to the idea of a cornflake packet family where the male was the breadwinner, the wife was the housewife, and the family consisted of two children a boy and a girl.The mother had an expressive role, while the father had an instrumental role of going out to work. The inequality, and the extent to which the different aspects of this atomic number 18 interconnected, mean that is some use the concept of patriarchate to describe this set of social relations. Patriarchy is a social system through which men dominate, utilise and oppress women. However, in recent decades, changes in the preservation and society stomach altered the situation some(prenominal) of these changes will be outlined below.One of the most important aras to look at for the changes in womens lives is in terms of pay and employment relative to men. Women are less likely th an men to be in paid employment, but the gap has closed steadily over recent decades. The proportionality of those in employment who are women rose from 38.1% in 1971 to 49.6% in 1995. However, most of the increase in womens employment has been in part time work. The proportion of women working part time has change magnitude steadily, from 34% in 1971 to 47% in 1995.Women workers are concentrated within a very narrow range of occupational groups, although there nonplus been some significant changes in this recently. Over 40% of large time women workers are to be found in clerical employment. In contrast, men are spread through a much wider range of occupations. Women are confined both to lower grade jobs (vertical separationisms) and to different jobs (horizontal segregation). The pattern of segregation however has changed significantly over recent years. At the top end of the hierarchy the number and proportion of women in the managerial and professional grades have substanti wholly in ally increased. However, in the most powerful positions in cosmos life, women continue to be seriously under-represented. Walby nones that in 1992 only 9.2 per cent of MPs were women, there were no women promontory Constables until the 1990s, and in 1994 only unmatchable in 25 High Court judges was a woman. In 1996, there was only one woman among 50 British ambassadors or heads of overseas missions.Linda McDowell uses the theory of post-Fordism to meet changes in the labour market. This theory argues that businesses have moved away from mass work towards the flexible production of small batches of specialized products. In doing so, they employ a core of highly skilled workers who are equal of using their skills to produce a wide variety of products. Other work is carried out by underemployed workers, or workers on short-term contracts, or is contracted out to other firms.McDowell argues that these changes are reflected in the increased use of part-time female labo ur and the reduction in the employment of males in full-time indissoluble jobs. But while it is clearly important to take account of changes in the labour market and the economy as a whole in order to understand the changing patterns of sexual urge inequality, it is necessary to be cautious about basing an analysis on the theory of post foridsm. This theory has been heavily criticized on a number of grounds, and the work of Lovering and others suggests that post Fordism cannot be seen as a general trend that has affected all employers.A different explanation for the changing nature and pattern of womens employment in countries much(prenominal) as Scandinavia has been the shift to statepolicy. Talcott Parsons had proposed a functionalist explanation of womens disadvantaged position in the labour market, which focused on the cushion of the household. He argued that men get paid more than because womens house servant responsibilities adversely affect their involvement in paid wo rk. However, in Scandinavia, there is a much greater public provision of childcare together with higher rates of female employment and a smaller wages gap between women and men. Thus changes to state policy can improve the nature and pattern of womens employment.But has there been any change in womens pay relative to mens? The implementation of the Equal Pay Act between 1970 and 1975 rock-bottom the wages gap a little. In 1970 women earned only 63% on mens hourly rates, and only 55% of mens gross weekly pay. In 1997, women working full time earned 81% of mens hourly rate, but those women working part time only earned 59% of mens hourly rates. Thus the size of the gap has been closing steadily for those working full time, but not for those working part time.It does seem thereof that the position of women in employment has transform itself in recent years, though there remains considerable inequality and the picture is not one of simple progress.One area where there have been consi derable changes for womens lives has been in education. Education has seen a transformation of the position of girls and young women. In schools, not only has the traditional gender gap in examination performance been closed but girls have overtaken boys while in higher education the gender gap is closing steadily. One reason for the change is the discrimination against women in education was make under-the-counter in the 1875 Sex Discrimination Act. A further reason was the increase in the opportunities for women in the gentleman after education as the labour market gradually opened up. These changes in education have potential implications for other aspects of gender relations since access to good jobs as some relationship to educational qualifications, women might anticipate taking a higher proportion of top jobs. It may also have an impact on wages, in so far as lack of qualifications, rather than discrimination, was a reason for womens poor rates of pay. However, while girls are learning in new areas,boys are not learning those subjects traditionally learned by women eg at present, only 15% of all boys do dwelling economics.A further important issue to look at when considering the changing lives of women, is in the area of the household. The most striking change is the increased likelihood of families being formed of only mothers and children, which reflects to a large horizontal surface the large increase in divorce rates. The number of lone parents increased from 8% in 1981 to 21% in 1996, and the vast majority of these are women. One of the most significant features of one-parent families is their listency to live in poverty, leading to some(prenominal) forms of social exclusion. The poverty largely results from the lack of a male income into the household, but is compound by the lower propensity of lone mothers to be in employment as compared with married mothers.Changes in the welfare state are also important in that they have disproportionat ely affected women because more of them head single parent households and more live to pensionable age. Women in old age are thus particularly vulnerable to the risk of poverty. A further change in the household has been in attitudes towards housework. Men are now more likely to accept that women should not be responsible for all the housework. However, it does seem that while there has been a change in attitudes, this is not to a great power point played out in action. The UK is in contrast to some countries such as Sweden where there is more shared parenting and childcare is part of education for boys and girls.Changes in sexuality have been a further impact upon womens lives. Giddens argued that there has been a transformation of intimacy in recent years. It is widely suggested that women have make great advance towards equality with men in the area of sexuality. The sexual double standard, whereby non-marital sex was satisfying for men and not for women has reduced. Other chan ges include the much greater availability of contraception and safe abortion, which has made unwanted children much less likely. Furthermore, there has been greater acceptance of a wider range of sexual practices, such as gay and lesbian relationships.Feminist movements have also helped to change and shape womens lives. The1970s was the second wave of feminism in the twentieth century, the early one being instrumental in winning political citizenship for women. Many of the feminist ideas of the 1970s which had been considered outrageously radical when first expressed are now widely accepted. For instance, male violence is now recognized as a significant conundrum and the subject of serious discussion by the police as well as feminists. Equal pay is also an early feminist demand now accepted into mainstream policy initiatives such as opportunity 2000.In Gender Transformations(1997), Walby reviews changes in patriarchy in the 1990s. Although she discovers plenty of evidence that pat riarchal structures remain in place in Britain, she also finds evidence of important changes. In particular, she claims that there is evidence of a generational difference between older and younger women. Older women tend to be restricted by the constrains of mysterious patriarchy, which was the dominant form of patriarchy in their early lives. They are likely to have few qualifications and therefore have limited opportunities in the labour market. Younger women, on the other hand, have benefited from some of the changes that have taken place. They are likely to benefit from increased qualifications and improved labour market opportunities. Walby thus points to polarisation between the younger and older women, while convergence between younger women and men.In conclusion, there have been many changes in the transition to modernity, which have shaped womens lives. While some of these changes have reduced gender inequality n recent years, especially in the field of education, the bas ic pattern of inequality remains in most aspects of the social structure, from paid work to the household divisions of labour, from sexuality to violence. This essay has pointed to many changes in womens lives, but whether their lives have improved has been a matter of debate Liberal feminists tend to see these changes as progress, while radical feminists tend to argue that little has changed and patriarchal domination remains firmly intact. Marxists usually claim that industrialization and the advent of capitalism led to a deterioration in the position of women and since the Industrial Revolution little has improved.BibliographyMcdowell L Father and Ford revisited gender, class and employment change in the new millennium Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 2001Walby Gender TransformationsAbercrombie, Warde et al, Contemporary British golf clubHaralambos and Holborn Sociology

Miley Cyrus: A Teenage Inspiration

People screaming at the hap of their lungs for the rock good deal that they deityize an individual buying all told the books and imitating the writing style of his favorite author a upstart miss imitating the clothes of her fashion idol the aforementioned instances ar familiar examples of people who are practicing the thought of bufferdom wherein they are becoming huge strike outs of famous personalities or amours. The idea of becoming a rooter is comprehend by people in different dashs.There are individuals who reflection at the idea of being a sports buffer as simply liking something or someone in a degree that is non common to other people. On the other hand, there are alike those people who negatively look at fans, as individuals who are going crazy or psychotic for something or someone to the load that they are becoming obsessed. There are horizontal allegations that fans eventually become stalkers, who do untoward decisions and actions. The opposing perspe ctive of the term fan entails a more in-depth study closely the topic.To be able to to the full understand the meaning of being a fan, it is necessary that it is given due attention and importance. In doing so, I conducted an interview with third individuals, who leave different backgrounds but is idolizing the same come out of the closet star.The pop star that I focus on is Miley Cyrus. My main(prenominal) motivation for looking for individuals who idolizes Miley Cyrus is due to the popularity and puzzle out of this personality. In 2008, Miley Cyrus is included in Time Magazines 100 most influential people in the world.Due to this, I ask to find out the reasons why people idolize her and its corresponding effectuate to their action. Moreover, by conducting the interview with triple individuals who idolize Miley Cyrus, I learn more about the idea of being a fan. Summary of Cavicchis Book and Argument Based on the book of Cavicchi (1998) the term fan is used as two descri ptive and prescriptive when it comes to describing individuals that are regarded as fans. Cavicchi even states that,On the whole, it the term fan is used both descriptively and prescriptively to refer to diverse individuals and groups, including fanatics, spectators, groupies, enthusiasts, celebrity stalkers, collectors, consumers, members of subcultures, and entire audiences, and, depending on the context, to refer to complex relationships involving affinity, enthusiasm, identification, desire, obsession, possession, neurosis, hysteria, consumerism, political resistance, or a combination (39). The interest of Cavicchi with the concept of fan is rooted from the fact that Cavicchi himself is also a self-proclaimed fan.The book that he wrote entitled Tramps equal us gives an in-depth research and analysis of being a fan, e excessly when it comes to its corresponding effects to the individual who is a fan of something or someone. Cavicchi uses Bruce Springsteen as an example for his c entral argument that fandom is real a useful and meaningful behavior, which allows individuals to form their identities, establish communities, and make sense out of their lives and the society as a whole. Cavicchi (1998) points out that the contribution of Bruce Springsteen in the world exemplifies the advantageous effects of fandom.In the past, many an(prenominal) critics have noted that the songs of Bruce Springsteen is bizarre from other singers in a sense that it truly exist in world of its own with its single characters, settings, words, and images. The world that Springsteen creates is actually very relevant to other people wherein individuals who only have little acquaintance or none at all about Springsteen pile still relate with his music. Springsteen emphasizes the world of highways and factories, loners and underdogs, and many others. As such, the themes of the songs of Springsteen actually embody the ideals and struggles of most ordinary Ameri dissolves.Being the case, Springsteen was able to substantially influence the American pop culture and also different societal debates. Springsteen has the ability to not only speak for his fans but actually to them with directness and sincerity, which actually touches the lives of his followers.Cavicchi uses three years of ethnographic research and his own experiences and impressions as a fan in writing his book. He provides an interdisciplinary study of the ways by which ordinary individuals who have special and sustained attachments to their idols actually were able to change and affect their lives because of fandom.Furthermore, it challenges the negative perception about the term fan, specifically the stereotypes of fans as being obsessive, delusional, and to the point of having mental problems. Cavicchi strongly emphasizes that fandom is a normal socio-cultural activity that support in shaping the identity of individuals. Object of Fandom Destiny Hope Cyrus also popularly known as Miley Cyrus is an American pop singer, songwriter, and actress. Her rose to fame started when she stars in the Disney Channel as Hannah Montana.After the success of her television series, she released a soundtrack CD of the songs that she sang in the Hannah Montana Show. The popularity of the soundtrack CD in the American market, especially for teenagers enables her to create a aviate music career with her debut phonograph album, Meet Miley Cyrus. In her first album, Miley Cyrus was able to create her first top single entitled See You Again. The increasing popularity of Miley Cyrus paved the way for her to launch her second album called Breakout. Both the albums of Miley Cyrus top number 1 on the hoarding 200.In addition, the single of Miley Cyrus entitled Party in the U. S. A. was recognized as the highest charting and fastest selling single that reach number 2 in the Billboard Hot 100. The influence of Miley Cyrus reaches different nations, which is turn up by the record-breaking sales of her albums that reach more than 15 billion records. Miley Cyrus also shines in the field of acting. Miley Cyrus first extended play was The Time of Our Lives. Miley Cyrus also performed in the concert/film Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus Best of Both mans Concert.In relation to this, Miley Cyrus also starred in go over wherein she recorded the soundtrack for the movie, which enables her to be nominated in the Golden Globe Awards. The hit show Hannah Montana was posterior produced in the film with Miley Cyrus as the lead star of the movie. Moreover, the prominence of Miley Cyrus in the society is recognized by Time magazine when she is included in the 100 Most Influential People in the World and she also ranked 35 on the Celebrity 100 list of Forbes magazine for earning $25 million in 2008.Interviewee 1The first interviewee is Zoe, a 16 years old girl that describes herself as an avid fan of Miley Cyrus. Zoe is a Caucasian American, who is currently studying in a public school. T he interview was conducted through audio wherein the queries in the questionnaires were asked and were substantially answered by the respondent.The main interest of Zoe mostly deals with normal young adult hobbies like shopping and hanging out friends. In addition, Zoe also stated that she is very much interested in music, especially from modern pop artist. As previously mentioned, Zoe is a self-proclaimed Miley Cyrus fan.She said that she first get introduce with the pop star through her series in the Disney Channel, Hannah Montana. Zoe immediately likes the character of Miley in the series and she also took notice of her exceptional singing abilities. Zoe said Miley has an exceptional and unique singing voice that can very attract its listeners, once I heard her voice she already mesmerized me. Zoe opted to have the complete albums of Miley Cyrus instead of just downloading it from the Internet, which she said is a way for her to actually give worth to the singing ability of he r idol buy adding to her CD sales.In addition to this, Zoe is also a fan of Miley Cyrus in Facebook and she also follows her in Tweeter. The influence of Miley Cyrus on Zoe affects her fashion sense because Zoe admitted she is actually imitating the fashion sense of Miley. I always look cautiously at the outfits that she wear, as I authentically admire her unique fashion sense, stated Zoe. Zoe explains in the interview that she has not really done anything outrageous as a fan of Miley, the only thing that she did is make a scrapbook of her idol, which other people finds weird.Moreover, Zoe strongly believes that Miley Cyrus exemplifies the normal manner of a teenager that has to go through the awkward stage of adolescence, which Zoe can relate to. Zoe expressed in the interview that Miley Cyrus affected her life by making her believe in her dreams and do more things in her life, as Zoe said, I can have the best of both worlds just like Miley.Interviewee 2The second interviewee is Samantha, a 13-years old teenage girl who is a die-hard fan of Miley Cyrus. She is an African-American that is studying in a public school.Samanthas interests unremarkably involve watching television, playing computer games, and the occasional going out with her friends. Samantha exclaimed I love Miley Cyrus so much when asked in the interview on who is her idol. She explains in the interview that she was introduced to the pop star sensation man watching Hannah Montana because her parents only allow her to watch limited channels and this include the Disney Channel. At first, she likes the diverting banter between Miley Cyrus and her dad because Samantha can actually relate to it because she said that she has the same relationship with her father.Later on, Samantha is really entertained by the singing capabilities of Miley Cyrus. In relation to this, Samantha can actually relate to the lyrics of Miley Cyrus songs that talks about related issues about being a teenager. Samantha k eeps a collection of different Miley Cyrus memorabilia like bags, school supplies, and others. She even said that almost all my things are Miley Cyrus inspired. In addition, Samantha also applauds the acting capability of Miley Cyrus, especially when it comes to comedy that is why she even created her own fan page for Miley.Samantha informed me in the interview that she has not done any outrageous thing as a fan of Miley Cyrus because she believes that becoming a fan does not necessarily mean doing something stupid. Moreover, Samantha points out that Miley Cyrus is an inspiration to her and also to her friends because she represents teenager everywhere who are following their dreams despite the set-backs of the teenage life.Interviewee 3The last interviewee is an 18 years old Asia who is actually on her way of going to college.She requested that I do not state her name in the paper, as she is afeard(predicate) that someone might know that she is a fan of Miley Cyrus. The hesitatio n of this girl in admitting that she is a fan of Miley Cyrus comes from the fact that most of her peers perceived Miley Cyrus as a loser. As a result, this girl does not have any Miley Cyrus memorabilia and she does not join any networking site about Miley Cyrus. The main reason of this girl for idolizing Miley Cyrus is because she can relate with the life of the pop star.She states that Miley Cyrus is just a typical teenager who commits mistakes like her photo scandal and other boyfriend troubles . . . she is being real to herself and to her public. The girl idolizes Miley Cyrus because of her courage to be true to herself and to others even if she is already popular. In relation to this, she also thinks that Miley Cyrus is a strong individual that can properly handle all the criticisms that come her way. Being the case, Miley Cyrus influences this girl to also be true to herself and never give up. AnalysisBased on the answers of the three interviewees it is quite observable that most of Miley Cyrus fans are teenage girls who are undergoing the difficult and confusing stage of adolescence. Their main reasons for idolizing Miley Cyrus are due to her singing and acting talents as well as the way she handles herself. The interviewed fans of Miley Cyrus have not done any outrageous or stupid things for their idol because of the reason that they have other outlets in order to express their enthusiasm and support for Miley Cyrus such as buying her albums, patronizing her products, and joining/creating networking sites.However, in the situation of one girl, she cannot freely express that Miley Cyrus is her idol because of the negative perception of her friends when it comes to the pop star. From the answers of the interviewee it is clearly proven that Miley Cyrus becomes an influential and powerful personality in the society because she represents the life of most teenagers.Miley Cyrus songs, television series, and even her life exemplify the issues and problems o f an average American teenager. Miley Cyrus has substantially contributed to the American pop culture because most of her fans can actually relate with her life. Moreover, Miley Cyrus has her way of actually inspiring the lives of teenagers through her songs and the characters that she portrays, which embody a strong woman that give not give up amidst the challenges of life.

The day the Balloon Popped

To them, this stake didnt move over a remote effect on their life, but to me, this caused my whole life to change. Even to this day, eery time I am punished, I recall this soul destroying incident. But fortunately I have changed.Sorry for non introducing myself, my name is Joe Levi, I am the eldest unwrap of three children. I am fifteen age old, very tall and sturdy like my father. I am looked up to by all my siblings and in a way, l lead them through their lives. My role model is definitely my father, part of the reason beingness that I am known as a miniature him. I have a largish sense of responsibility in the family as I am always the initiatory child to do or try out something new. Like either other child, I have my fears but I am much too proud to admit them.Exactly seven years ago, I undergo a day that had great significance to the rest of my life. This is an account on what happened.It was coming up to the uncollectible day. This was going to be the first time I h ad ever slept away from my parents. I was going to be sleeping at my Grandmas flat in the West End. To me, this was much to a greater extent exciting than even a holiday. My parents had finally felt that I was responsible enough to stay away from them and be in aid of myself. I was buzzing with excitement. The closer it got, the bigger I felt. I was a balloon being short-winded up. I felt that I was supreme. Nothing could stand in my way.Until this incidence, I had been a determine, continuously growth upwards towards the sky. My parents were always proud of me, academically but more importantly, they loved all my character-traits. My Grandma would be taking me into Central London, and as it was around Christmas time, it would be livelier than ever. I would be going to the Theatre tardily at night and afterwards, I would be going to a famous Creperie. Nothing could be more exciting. I had thoughts and feelings rushing through my body. The balloon was expanding, getting bigger an d bigger.It was three days before the purpose and l had one of my closest friends over at my house. Surprisingly, the Sun was shining and it was a very sore day. So, we decided to have some fun with the sun. We got a big antique magnifine-glass out from the dining room cupboard, then stealing a piece of paper from the printer, we went out into the garden. Using the magnifine-glass, we focused the suns rays onto the corner of the piece of paper. Suddenly, the edge of the paper started glowing tearing. It was fascinating.It continued to glow, but soon became a stronger colour and started spreading exuberantly. Suddenly, the first flame appeared. Wow It was amazing what the Sun could do to a piece of paper, so far away. I found my dark hazel eyes fixed into the fire and didnt notice the whole paper bursting into flames. I screamed, my friend screamed. We poured a bucket of water over the piece of paper and put it in the bin. beforehand we could even open our mouths to let out a s igh or relief, the whole bin redress alight.My mum came rushing down the stairs and It was as if the whole situation had combusted. I was terrified. I was frightened. I didnt know what to say. I didnt know what to do. I stared at the roaring flames, taking over my life. My mum, who was only ever seen calm, went from blue to red to orange. She went into an explosive mood.After she put out the conflagration and my friend was sent home, I sat next to my inflaming mother. When I heard the punishment that I had been given, I couldnt believe my ears. The plant stopped growing, the balloon popped. I felt as if I had disintegrated into a pile of ashes. I was as hot as the sun. I still couldnt believe the cruel, deflating punishment that had been chosen. I thought to myself, what was so detrimental about what I did? All my friends did it. It was unfeasible to think that something I viewed as so minor, was actually so dangerous and life-threatening.My parents knew how much I was looking for ward to staying at my Grandmas. Tears started pouring down my red eyes and onto my rose cheeks. I felt put down. I felt embarrassed. What would happen when my siblings found out? I thought that they may no longer look up to me. My brain was sizzling, my head was frying. I started bellowing at my evil mother but she didnt even look at me.I post in my room, staring outside into the garden, watching all my siblings making snowmen with their friends and having fun snow fights. I started imagining what I could of be doing if I wasnt punished. I felt completely terrible. I felt as lowly as a worm. I pictured my grandma taking someone else to the theatre, having fun with another person. Anger started building up inside of me. I could feel it spreading throughout my body. It is amazing that, something which has had such a gigantic long-term impact on me, had been forgotten about an hour after the incident by my parents. I was as hot as hell however they were as cool as a cucumber.To them , this situation didnt have a remote effect on their life, but to me, this caused my whole life to progress. Even to this day, every time I am punished, I recall this soul destroying incident. But fortunately I have changed. I now deflate less and less I stay strong and carry on growing upwards towards the sky.

Organisational/Individual Environment Essay

The relationship mingled with persons and their employment is largely determined by their motivation, the driving ferocity behind actions. Therefore motivation is delineate as the treat that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Robins,). look into conducted in this ara has a attendant effect on attention styles. Motivation theories atomic number 18 essentially divided in two prefatorial categories. The earliest ones commissioned on content, what authenticly motivates mass, were followed by process theories where the focus is on the actual process of motivation.Maslow(1943) introduced the hierarchy of need motivation surmisal which is the most wide established system and it still influences management today. Maslow suggested that people have five kinds of demand namely physiologic, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation. People atomic number 18 trying to satisfy them following an ascending order. It is necessary to satisfy a set out ranked need in order to move to a higher ranked one. Maslows theory was been criticised as little evidence was in support of that theory. Most people tend to be partially satisfied at each level and partially unsatisfied.In early motivational research physiological needs were linked with bills. Gellerman suggested that security safety needs whoremaster be provided through fringe benefits and as life insurance. Taylor (1911) hardened great tenseness on money and argued that motivation comes from economic needs. He as well as proposed that a science should be developed for each element of a mans work. nevertheless research has shown that for low pay workers money is not a good enough bonus. To what extend and how serious depends clearly on own(prenominal) circumstances Taylor tried to eliminate human mistakes at work. Taylors theory still influences production lines today. However in industry today workers ar seen as humans and emphasis i s given on their training and professional development. Smith (1999) conducted a study in order to mensurate the strength of financial incentives and the content of employment as motivators to work, in ancillary staff in the NHS and Hotel and waste industry.It was found that the rates of pay had very little influence on participants job satisfaction and subsequent work motivation despite the contrary belief of their line managers. This suggests need of communication between management and staff and non-awareness of their needs. Training opportunities did exist for ancillary staff besides there was little information on them. Farren recognised salry and fringe benefits as extrinsic motivation while as intrinsic motivation when the individual has the opportunity to use his own ability and appreciation.Money in the form of incentives is not an adequate motivator for people however Hersey & Blanchard (1982) recognised the symbolic value of money as the buying advocate they can attr ibute to individuals. In support of the abstract value of money McClelland suggested that there are four basic motives that drive individuals, succeedment, power and affiliation and avoidance. It was observed that individuals, which are high achievers, p confabulate situations where they have personal responsibility for their finishance, can receive clear and unambiguous feedback and the task is of moderate task difficulty. In this theory money were seen as symbolising successful task performance and goal achievement cited in Mullins(2002).As distant as social affiliation needs are concerned it is a common finding that people like to interact and be with others in situation where they feel comfortable. They tend to compose small cosy groups in order to find support when they have no support over work. This can offspring in reduction of productivity in which management cannot have defend over. However when strategic goals are in accord with individual ones consequently those in nut groups can work to the benefit of management. Managers are then(prenominal) invited to find ways to attract employees in sharing company objectives. The need for esteem is associated with prestige and power that comes from the position that someone has or it can be personal. Lastly Self-actualisation refers to competence and achievement.Alderler condensed Maslows five needs into three and came up with existence which refer to physiological and safety needs, relatedness which refer to love and fixth which refer to the higher ranked needs esteem and self actualisation. He suggested that they form more a continuum instead than being hierarchical in order. If satisfaction of needs at one level is blocked then attention should be focused on satisfaction of needs at other levels.Following the uniform example of ranking of needs Harberg developed theory X and speculation Y. Herzberg (1959) conducted a study of 203 Accountants and Engineers where he asked them to describe situat ions where they felt good or bad about their jobs. Findings have shown that people were dissatisfied with their jobs when hygiene factors (extra-job factors) like salary, interpersonal relationships, supervision, company policy, working conditions job security, status and factors in personal life were not satisfied. However when there was the opportunity for growth people were extremely satisfied with their jobs itself, thus when motivators where in place. . It is noted the opposite of satisfaction or dissatisfaction is not dissatisfaction or satisfaction accordingly but simply lack of it. When hygiene factors are satisfied for example it does not mean that workers will feel motivated. This study was replicated with opposite groups as well and similar findings were foundProcess theories that were developed later focus on the actual process of motivation. Hawthorne studies sponsored by Harvand University and directed by Elton Mayo signalled the need for management to study and en sure relationships among people. It forceful delegation of autonomy, employee autonomy, trust and openness, interpersonal dynamics, and co-operation instead of competition (Reis &Pena, 2001).Vroom(2000) has introduced the Expectancy theory. harmonise to that theory effort, performance, reward and personal goals are inter-linked and interdependent. People are influenced by the expected results of their actions. The pickaxe of behaviour is based on antepast of most favourable consequences. To describe that feeling of anticipated satisfaction out of a specific case Vroom used the term valence. The Cognitive valuation theory, which was developed subsequently, could be applied to jobs, which are neither dull nor interesting. Here what is important is self-efficacy not job satisfaction thus shot and achieving goals. In that process self generated feedback is a more powerful motivator.In that process of setting up goals and achieving them Adams with the justness Theory found that p eople tend to compare them selves with others and therefore concerned with fair treatment cited at Anderson, 2002. For example employees compare the rewards and promotional opportunities that they have with other employees, which can result in feelings of disappointment when they cover their performance equal but the financial rewards unequal. As a result of feeling inequity individuals force channel the inputs and outcomes or might even distort them cognitively. They might decide to leave the field or become aggressive and act on others unrelated to the subject of comparison. Finally they might decide to change the object of comparison.The individual thinks that he should be awarded in a indisputable way, what Porter and Lawler names sensed equitable reward. When the perceived equitable rewards are greater than the actual ones dissatisfaction occurs. That is a state of mind kind of that a permanent condition. Farren suggests that when needs or expectations are hindered the ind ividual can react with either a constructive behaviour or licking. The outcomes of constructive behaviour leads to problem solving or restructuring while frustration can cause aggression, fixation, withdrawal or even displaced aggression where the person in question is order his aggression to a colleague other than the one who is the source of frustration.Following on from goal setting as a motivator Thomas has developed the theory of Intrinsic Motivation were emphasis was placed on the source of motivation. Individuals have a motivation, which stems from them selves rather than imposed by managers when a) they have the good of choice and can select form different activities b) can show competence, thus that they can skilfully perform the chosen tasks. This adds meaning fullness to the task and the feeling that a worthy task purpose is created. As individuals advance in achieving the tasks purpose they can demonstrate some progress cited in Mullins, (2002)Douglas McGregor(1960)ma de a major contribution to the history of motivation theory with his Theory X and Theory Y. gibe to theory X, which is the one traditionally followed by managers, most people prefer to be directed. They are not interested in assuming responsibility, what they need is safety. Managers structure, control and supervise external control appropriate for fleeceable workers. This theory is questioned because as we live in a democratic society, with an increasing level of education and exemplar of living people must be capable of a more acquire behaviour. In Theory Y however it is suggested that people are not by nature lazy and unreliable but can be self-directed and creative if motivated. That creates an essential task for management, which is to unleash this potential in individuals. right motivated people can achieve their own goals trounce by directing their own efforts towards accomplishing organisational goals. Argyris(1993) was in support of that theory and argued that followi ng bureaucratic or pyramidal values leads to poor, shallow and mistrustful relationships. human-centered and democratic values can nurture an environment for trusting and authentic relationships. Argyris suggests that as people grow up and mature the same process take place at work. People develop from a stage of dependency upon others as infants to a state or relative independence as adults. Their interests are becoming deeper and stronger. Furthermore they move from being subordinate to being equal or at a superior position. According to Argyris theoritical findings management is challenged to provide a work climate where everybody has the chance to grow and mature as individuals while working for the success of the organisation.In the 1980s in America a untested movement was to be initiated, Total Quality charge, which influenced management style of the two following decades greatly (Reis & Pena, 1999). It back up employee empowerment and decent treatment of people. After that movement the idea of re-engineering was due to influence management until today. According to that, work processes are re-thought and streamlined. Work satisfaction was to be enhanced by the creation of multi-skilled teams who accepted sizable responsibility. However as it was later proved in times of recession re-engineering became the synonymous of downsizing in businesses. Management was more interested in cutting costs by reducing work force and not improving the work processes. According to Reis & Pena Management forgot the employee, the customer, and quality p. 673.Alternatively Reis & Pena suggest that managers should try and understand the people they work with and vice versa. The key here is to remove barriers to motivation. Rabey (2001) is warning us that there are some limits as to how much managers can motivate employees as they can only create the right environment for individuals to respond to motivation voluntary. Rabey continues by making some more practical suggest ions about how to achieve that motivating environment in the workplace at different stages of employees work history from selection to retention. At the stage of interview he suggests that the interviewers as well as the interviewee must have an honest orgasm and disclose any information about the company and the applicant accordingly so that to achieve the best match. According to Rabey surveys of employees in recent years have shown that a workplace should meet some certain standards in order to stimulate motivation.These include goal setting, participation, recognition, and communication fair wages, training, teamwork and innovation. These preconditions for motivation are in addition included in the latest content theories, i.e Theory Y, Intrinsic Motivation, Expentacy Theory. Rabey goes one and defines the golden mean for a manager/leader. He reckons that a manager should be something between a manager where he manages and gets results from planning, control and compliance and a leader who leads and motivated followers choose to give commitment. Managers can play a unique role in building trust and co-operation with employees, which is the foundation to success. Tietjen and Myers(1998) conclude that it is the work itself that brings fulfilment and Maslows higher order of needs into beingp.231. For management this means that they are challenged to create the necessary conditions so that the fulfilment gained from doing the job is expected daily. In the lines of effective interpersonal relationships at work Orpen (1997) found in a study that mentoring can improve motivation.Motivational research and organisational history suggests that management should adopt a more customer-focused style. During the last century research as well as management practice has locomote from recognising as money incentives as the strongest motivator to placing emphasis on the employee and the intrinsic motivation that he has. The focus is now on the actual process of motivatio n and managers are called to create the necessary conditions in the workplace for their employees to achieve common company objectives. The ultimate goal is to have empowered workers, able to take an dynamic role in the pursue of their career oriented goals and his objectives are in accordance with the ones shared by management.ReferencesAnderson, N. (Ed) O., Deniz S. (Ed) et-al. (2002). Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, Volume 2 Organizational psychology. (pp. 53-76)Argyris,-Chris (1993) On Organisational Learning. Cambridge, MA, US Blackwell Business/Blackwell Publishers.Hesley, P. & Blanchard, K. (4th edition) Management of Organisational Behaviour Utilising Human ResourcesMcGregor,-Douglas (1960) The human side of enterprise, New York, NY, US McGraw-Hill.Mullins (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, pp 418- 448Orpen, C. The Effects of formal mentoring on employee work motivation, organisational commitment and job performance in The Learning Organisation An International Journal, 1997 Vol 4, No 2 pp. 53-60Rabey G. B. Motivation is Response in Industrial and Commercial Training, 2001 Vol. 33, No 1 pp.26-28Robins S. R. Organisational Behaviour (10th Edition) PearsonSmith, L. An Evaluation of programmes for staff motivation in NHS and hotel ancillary staff Facilities 1999, Vol 17, No 7/8 pp.264-271Tietjen M. A. & Myers, R. M. Motivation and antic Satisfaction in Management Decision 1998, Vol 36 No 4, pp. 226-231Vroom,V. H. Leadership and the decision-making process. Organisational-Dynamics. 2000 Vol 28(4) 82-94BibliographyWetherell M. (1996) Identities Groups and Social Issues Sage Publications capital of the United Kingdom

Life Magazine cover depicting India-Pakistan War Essay

The dispute over this region originated in the process of decolonization in southwestward Asia. When the British colony of India gained its independence in 1947, it was partitioned into two separate entities the secular nation of India and the predominantly Muslim nation of Pakistan. Pakistan was composed of two noncontiguous regions, East Pakistan and West Pakistan, separated by Indian territory. The state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had a predominantly Muslim population but a Hindu leader, shared borders with both India and West Pakistan.The business line over which nation would incorporate the state led to the first India-Pakistan War in 1947-48 and ended with UN mediation. Jammu and Kashmir, to a fault known as Indian Kashmir or just Kashmir, joined the Republic of India, but the Pakistani authorities continued to believe that the majority Muslim state rightfully belonged to Pakistan. Conflict resumed again in proterozoic 1965, when Pakistani and Indian forces clashed over di sputed territory along the border between the two nations. Hostilities escalate that August when the Pakistani army attempted to take Kashmir by force.The attempt to seize the state was unsuccessful, and the min India-Pakistan War reached a stalemate. This time, the international politics of the Cold War affected the nature of the contravention. The unite States had a history of ambivalent transaction with India. During the 1950s, U. S. officials regarded Indian leadership with some caution due to Indias familiarity in the nonaligned movement, particularly its prominent role at the Bandung Conference of 1955. The united States hoped to maintain a regional balance of power, which meant not allowing India to influence the political development of other states.However, a 1962 border conflict between India and China ended with a decisive Chinese victory, which motivated the United States and the United acres to provide host supplies to the Indian army. After the clash with China , India also turned to the Soviet Union for assistance, which fit(p) some strains on U. S. -Indian relations. However, the United States also provided India with considerable development assistance throughout the 1960s and 1970s. U. S. -Pakistani relations had been more consistently positive.The U. S.Government looked to Pakistan as an example of a moderate Muslim state and appreciated Pakistani assistance in holding the line against communist expansion by joining the southeastward Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954 and the Baghdad Pact (later renamed the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO) in 1955. Pakistans interest in these pacts stemmed from its desire to develop its military and defensive capabilities, which were substantially weaker than those of India. Both the United States and the United Kingdom supplied arms to Pakistan in these years.After Pakistani troops invaded Kashmir, India moved quickly to internationalise the regional dispute. It asked the United Nations to reprise its role in the First India-Pakistan War and end the current conflict. The hostage Council passed Resolution 211 on family line 20 calling for an end to the fighting and negotiations on the settlement of the Kashmir problem, and the United States and the United Kingdom supported the UN decision by cutting off arms supplies to both belligerents. This throw away affected both belligerents, but Pakistan felt the effects more keenly since it had a much weaker military in caparison to India.The UN resolution and the halting of arms sales had an immediate impact. India accepted the ceasefire on September 21 and Pakistan on September 22. The ceasefire alone did not resolve the status of Kashmir, and both sides accepted the Soviet Union as a third-party mediator. Negotiations in Tashkent concluded in January 1966, with both sides giving up territorial claims, withdrawing their armies from the disputed territory. Nevertheless, although the Tashkent agreement achieved its short -term aims, conflict in South Asia would reignite a few years later.

Globalization and Technology Changes in Starbucks Company Research Paper - 8

Globalization and Technology Changes in Starbucks familiarity - Research authorship ExampleHere the company has carefully expanded its products and expertise to mull over new channels, products, and commercializes. Today Starbucks Company proudly offers its newly acquired customers assorted iconic beverages as well as new menu choices that reflect their community preferences. Technological advancement has in the recent days proven as offering trustworthy companies a competitive edge over other similar companies. Changes in technology have equally been associated with growth in the competitiveness. Starbuck Company takes this idea seriously and has been in the forefront initiating new proficient operations. employ this technology Starbuck has realized benefits ranging from administrative functions, management of our supply chain, online business, point-of-sale processing and payment at the stores and online, Starbucks Cards. in that respect is no doubt that technology has boo sted Starbucks operations and profitability, thanks to its inherent effectiveness and efficiency elements. Globalization and technological changes have seen the Starbuck grow its market outside America to include the China and Asia Pacific segment and the Europe, the in-between East and Africa (EMEA) segment. The former segment at one point became the fastest growing market delivering well-nigh 27% of the total growth in 2013. Ideally, Globalization and technological changes allowed the company to increase its market and and so increase its Net Revenues from $9.8 billion in 2009 to $14.9 in 2013(STARBUCKS CORPORATION Fiscal 2013 Annual Report, 2014).Starbuck success is no secret and no one can doubt its standing among its equals however, there is still much path for better performance. Maybe one of the ways this company can ensure its returns go above add up is by keeping up the search for more distribution channels in its US market and offer a wide range of food to complement i ts beverage business. Such is the case that this roleplay will increase the average customer check.